Table 1

Prevalence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) radiographic damage, symptoms, and physical exam findings in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): results from selected studies.
Reference
 Study Sample
 Inclusion Criteria* & Study Design
 JIA Type‡
 Imaging Modality
 TMJ Damage**
 TMJ Symptoms
 Abnormal TMJ Exam
[9]
 N: 249
Female: 66%
 - Suspected TMJ involvement
- Cross-sectional
 NA
 OPT
 Overall 28.9%
Female 75%
 10.8%
 < 40%
[12]
 N: 20
Female: 95%
Mean age: 24.5 years
Mean age JIA onset: 5.3 years
 - Micrognathia
- Cross-sectional
 Multiple
 OPT
 75% (defined as complete resorption of the condylar head)
 65% (at anytime during JIA course)
 55%
[16]
 N: 15
Mean age: 12 years
 - JIA duration ≤ 3 years; Age ≥ 8 years
- Prospective cohort
 NA
 OPT;
MRI with gadolinium
 87% (MRI)
40% (OPT)
 3.5%
 60%
[4]
 N: 169
Female: 67% female
Mean age: 9.8 years
Mean age disease onset: 5.4 years
 - Consecutive referrals to an orthodontic clinic
- Cross-sectional
 Multiple
 OPT
 Female 73.3%
Polyarticular 65.8%
Oligoarticular 44.5%
Systemic 42.9%
ANA+ 55.1%
HLA-B27+ 38.5%
 NA
 NA
[10]
 N: 97
Female: 62%
 - Routine referrals to an orthodontic clinic
- Cross-sectional
 Multiple
 OPT
 47%
Oligoarticular 39%
RF-polyarticular 59%
RF+ polyarticlar 33%
Systemic 67%
Enthesitis related arthritis 13%
Psoriatic 33%
Other 50%
 9–18%
 16–39%
[6]
 N: 46
Female: 63%
Median age: 9.33 years
 - Consecutive children consented to OPT
- Cross-sectional
 Multiple
 OPT
 78%
 70% (signs symptoms reported together)
 NA
[15]
 N: 66;
Female: 59.1%
Mean age: 11.9 years
 - Inclusion criteria NA
- Cross-sectional
 Oligoarticular Polyarticular
 OPT
 Polyarticular 75%, Oligoarticular 20%
 NA
 NA
[17]
 N: 46
Female: 59%
Median age: 12.7 years Median age JIA onset: 4.5 years
 - Inclusion criteria NA
- Cross-sectional
 Oligoarticular Polyarticular Systemic (polyarticular course)
 MRI with gadolinium
 32% (abnormal condyle)
45% (pannus)
 5.5–8.3%
 9% (decreased mouth opening)
[18]
 N: 32
Female: 78% female
Mean age: 8.6 years
 - Newly diagnosed JIA
- Cross-sectional
 Multiple
 MRI with gadolinium
 75% (effusion or synovial thickening)
69% (condylar changes)
53% (both)
 19%
 41%

JIA: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, OPT: Orthopantomogram, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, NA: Not available.

*All studies required diagnosis of juvenile arthritis for inclusion.

‡Multiple indicates > 3 JIA types represented.

**Percentages are based on the number of children with the specified characteristic.

Ringold and Cron Pediatric Rheumatology 2009 7:11   doi:10.1186/1546-0096-7-11